This is the New international commentary on John 1:1''
After introducing “the Word” in the first clause, the verse presents an interplay between “the Word” (ho logos) and “God” (ho theos) in two different ways, and in chiastic fashion: the Word was “with God” and, following the order of the Greek text, God was what the Word was.7 The solemn repetition—Word, Word, God, God, Word—captures the reader’s attention from the outset by giving the language a poetic or hymnic quality that immediately sets John apart from the other three canonical Gospels. Because this quality is not typical of John’s Gospel as a whole, the impression is given that John will be more different from the other Gospels than is actually the case.
What then is the relationship between the Word and God? The signals are mixed, in that the two are viewed first as distinct entities (“the Word was with God”), and then in some way identified with each other (“the Word was God”). “God” in the first instance has the definite article in Greek (ho theos), which is not used in English when speaking of the Jewish or Christian God, but in the second instance it stands without the article. But the placement of “God,” or theos, first in its clause, before the verb, gives it a certain definiteness, warning us against reducing it to a mere adjective. At the same time, the absence of the article alerts the reader that “the Word” and “God,” despite their close and intimate relationship, are not interchangeable. While the Word is God, God is more than just the Word.11 Even though it stands first in its clause, “God” is the predicate noun and not the subject of the clause, that is, “the Word was God,” not “God was the Word” (compare 4:24, “God is Spirit,” not “Spirit is God”). Even when the subject stands first, the definite article is often used to distinguish the subject from the predicate, as in 1 John 1:5 (“God is light”) and 4:8 and 16 (“God is love”). In our passage, “God” is virtually an attribute of the Word, just as spirit and light and love are attributes of God in these other texts. To some, this makes theos almost adjectival (as in James Moffatt’s translation, “the Logos was divine”), but it is no more an adjective than “spirit” or “light” or “love” are adjectives. To say “God is Spirit” is not the same as saying God is spiritual, and “God is love” says more than that God is loving. In the same way, “the Word was God” says more than “the Word was divine.” While “the Word was deity” is possible, it sounds too abstract, losing the simplicity and style of “the Word was God” with no corresponding gain in accuracy.
J. Ramsey Michaels, The Gospel of John (The New International Commentary on the Old and New Testament; Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2010), 47–48.
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