Was the cross a punishment God inflicted on Jesus? One verse that is used to teach that it was is
Isaiah 53:10. Isaiah 53 is about the Suffering Servant, who is understood to be Messiah. This passage, then, is understood by the Church to be about the cross and the atonement. Let’s read it, first, in the
New International Version, which is in agreement with most other English versions.
Other versions have it similarly: “Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise Him; He has put Him to grief” (
New King James Version). “And Jehovah hath delighted to bruise him, He hath made him sick” (
Young’s Literal Translation). “Yet it was the will of the LORD to crush him; he has put him to grief” (
English Standard Version).
Was the cross really about God
crushing Jesus,
bruising him,
making him sick? I used to think so, and this was a verse I used to teach that. I taught that Jesus took God’s punishment in our place, that God crushed Jesus, venting his anger on him so he would not have to vent it on us. This is known as the
penal substitutionary theory of atonement. In recent years, however, I have had to let that theory go, because what I have seen in Scripture leads me to a different conclusion, a different understanding of the cross.
So what about Isaiah 53:10, then? Are the English versions quoted above the best rendering of Isaiah’s words? They are direct translations of the Hebrew text, at least of the best one that is available today, but do they give us the best sense of what Isaiah prophesied?
The Septuagint renders
Isaiah 53:10. I could give you the Greek words themselves, which would be a simple cut and paste, but since many do not read Greek, I will quote the Brenton version, which is a classic English translation of the LXX. Then I will tell you about the Greek verb that is used:
The Greek word for “stroke” is
plege and here speaks of a wound that has been inflicted by a blow. The verb for “purge” is
katharizo and means to cleanse or purify. It is where we get our English word “catharsis.” The
St. Athanasius Academy Septuagint version has Isaiah 53:10 this way: “The Lord wishes to cleanse Him of His wound.”
The important thing to notice here is that God does not crush or bruise the Messiah, or make him sick. God does not inflict any wound on him.
Quite the opposite, God is shown as cleansing and healing the wound!
The LXX reading seems to me more like what I find in the New Testament concerning the cross. When I think, for example, of how Peter and Stephen preached the gospel in the book of Acts, the cross was not something God did to Christ but something wicked men did. What God did was to raise Christ from the dead.
Isaiah 53 presents a stunning image of what Christ suffered in the atonement. But I do not think it is a picture of God crushing, bruising or punishing Christ.
It is a portrait of God delivering Christ — and us through him. J,Doles
Brown-Driver-Briggs
[דָּכָא] verb crush, poetic (Assyrian
dakû,
crush, Muss-ArnHebraica. Oct. 1890, 66) not in
Qal; —
Niph`al Participle נִדְכָּאִים
Isaiah 57:15; —
crushed, figurative =
contrite ones.
Pi`el Perfect דִּכָּא
Psalm 143:3; 2masculine singular דִּכִּאתָ
Psalm 89:11;
Imperfect וִידַכֵּא
Psalm 72:4; 2masculine singular תְּדַכֵּא
Proverbs 22:22 (juss); יְדַכְּאוּ
Psalm 94:5, תְּדַכְּאוּ
Isaiah 3:15; suffix וִידַכְּאֵנִי
Job 6:9, יְדַכְּאוּם
Job 4:19; 2masculine plural וּתְדַכּאוּנַּנִי
Job 19:2 (so Baer, see his edition p. 44, compare Norzi);
Infinitive לִדַכֵּא
Lamentations 3:34;
suffix דַּכְּאוֺ
Isaiah 53:10; —
crush, (figurative) with accusative one's life to the earth
Psalm 143:3, Egypt
Psalm 89:11 (compare De Che; ׳י subject), servant of Yahweh
Isaiah 53:10 (׳י subject),
Job 6:9 ׳וְיֹאֵל אֱלוֺהַּ וִיד; oppressor
Psalm 72:4, God's people
Psalm 94:5 ("" יְּעַנּוּ),
Isaiah 3:15, compare
Proverbs 22:22 illegally in tribunal,
Lamentations 3:34 תחת רגליו ׳ד (in all human oppressor subject);
crush me בְּמִלִּים
Job 19:2 (Job's friends, subject; "" תּוֺגְיוּן נַפְשִׁי);
never literal, not even
Job 4:19 (יְדַכְּאוּם, with indefinite subject), for suffix reference not to בָּֽתֵּיחֹֿמֶר, but rather to שֹׁכְנֵי, i.e. men inhabiting the clay houses, bodies, compare Di.
Pu`al Perfect דֻּכְּאוּ
Jeremiah 44:10;
Imperfect יְדֻכָּא
Job 22:9;
Participle מְדֻכָּא
Isaiah 53:5, מְדֻכָּאִים
Isaiah 19:10; —
crushed, broken in pieces, shattered
Job 22:9 with object feminine זרועות;
Isaiah 19:10 subject שָׁתוֺת (here metaphor. for nobles); figurative of servant of ׳י
Isaiah 53:5;
made humble, contrite Jeremiah 44:10.
Hithpa`el Imperfect יִדַּכְּאוּ
Job 5:4, יִדַּכָּ֑אוּ
Job 34:25; —
must let themselves be crushed, i.e. maltreated
Job 5:4 (in court בשׁער, compare
Pi`el Proverbs 22:22);
are crushed Job 34:25 (the mighty, by God).
Same word below translated into English
Isaiah 57:15
HEB: וּֽלְהַחֲי֖וֹת לֵ֥ב
נִדְכָּאִֽים׃
NAS: the heart of the contrite.
KJV: the heart of the contrite ones.
INT: revive the heart of the contrite
Jeremiah 44:10
HEB: לֹ֣א
דֻכְּא֔וּ עַ֖ד הַיּ֣וֹם
NAS: But they have not become contrite even to this
KJV: They are not humbled [even] unto this day,
INT: nor become against day
Isaiah 53:4-
WE (not God) considered Him punished by God. The following NT passages quote Isaiah 53: Matthew 8:14-17; Mark 15:27-32; John 12:37-41; Luke 22:35-38; Acts 8:26-35; Romans 10:11-21; and 1 Peter 2:19-25. Not one of them uses any penal language where PSA gets its doctrine from in Isaiah 53 in the New Testament.
1-Matthew 8:17 Carried our diseases (Isaiah 53:4)
2-Mark 15:28 Numbered with transgressors (Isaiah 53:12)
3-Luke 22:37 Numbered with transgressors (Isaiah 53:12)
4-John 12:38 Who has believed our report? (Isaiah 53:1)
5-Acts 8:32 A lamb to the slaughter (Isaiah 53:7)
6-Romans 10:16 Who has believed our report? (Isaiah 53:1)
7-1Peter 2:22 He committed no sin (Isaiah 53:9)
8-1Peter 2:24 By his stripes you were healed (Isaiah 53:5)