Docetic Gnosticism – Denial of Jesus’ Humanity
Belief Structure: Docetism, from the Greek word dokein (meaning “to appear” or “to seem”), taught that Jesus only appeared to be human. In Docetic thought, Jesus’ physical body and suffering were considered an illusion because, in their view, the true divine nature could not be associated with something as “corrupt” as flesh.
Reasoning: Docetics viewed the material world as inherently evil, while the spiritual realm was good. To them, God (pure spirit) could not become truly incarnate in human flesh (material).
Johannine Response: John emphasizes that
“the Word became flesh” (sarx egeneto) in John 1:14, directly opposing the idea that Jesus only seemed human. In 1 John 4:2–3, he insists that confessing “
Jesus Christ as coming in the flesh” is essential, indicating a real, historical incarnation. This clear statement affirms Jesus’ true humanity and rejects Docetic notions of a merely apparent human form.
2. Cerinthian Gnosticism – Denial of the Cross and Separation of Jesus and the Christ
Belief Structure: Cerinthian Gnosticism, attributed to the Gnostic teacher Cerinthus, taught that “Jesus” and “Christ” were two distinct entities. According to this view, Jesus was a human on whom the divine “Christ spirit” descended at his baptism and departed before his crucifixion. Cerinthians believed that while Jesus was a mere man, the divine “Christ” worked through him but did not suffer or die.
Reasoning: By separating Jesus’ humanity from the divine “Christ spirit,” Cerinthian Gnostics could maintain their belief that the divine cannot suffer or be subject to human limitations. For them, Jesus’ death was merely the death of a man, not an act of divine redemption.
Johannine Response: John’s language in 1 John 4:1–3, particularly the phrase
“Jesus Christ as coming in the flesh,” emphasizes the unity of Jesus’ divine and human natures. By affirming that the eternal
“Word” (Jesus)
“became flesh” (John 1:14), John rejects the division between Jesus and the Christ spirit, insisting instead on the complete and inseparable union of Jesus’ humanity and divinity. John’s warning to
“test the spirits” in 1 John 4:1–6 echoes his concern that teachings separating Jesus’ humanity from divinity lead believers astray.
Gnosticism’s Influence and John’s Rejection of Dualistic Beliefs
Both Docetic and Cerinthian Gnosticism derive from a fundamental dualism in Gnostic thought: the opposition between spirit (pure, divine) and matter (corrupt, evil). Gnostics viewed the world as the result of a flawed or lesser divinity, so they struggled with the idea of God fully participating in human reality. The Christian message, however, hinges on the idea that God, in Christ, willingly entered human suffering and death to redeem humanity. John’s assertion of Jesus’ full humanity and divinity confronts these Gnostic ideas directly by affirming that salvation comes through the incarnate, crucified, and resurrected Jesus, who was both fully God and fully human.
In short, John’s writings provide a clear rebuttal to early Gnostic claims by stressing that acknowledging Jesus as having truly
“come in the flesh” is essential to the Christian faith. Through this, John affirms that
Jesus’ full humanity and divinity are foundational to salvation, not illusions or partial manifestations.
"Jesus Christ as coming in the flesh" These deceivers continue in their false teachings about the person of Christ. This verse repeats the admonition to "
test the spirits" of 1Jn_4:1-6, especially as they relate to Jesus' full humanity (cf. Joh_1:14; 1Ti_3:16). Gnosticism affirmed an eternal dualism between "spirit" (God) and "matter" (flesh). To them, Jesus could not be fully God and fully man.
There seems to have been at least two theological streams within early Gnostic thought.
1. denial of Jesus' humanity (Docetic); He appeared to be human, but was a spirit
2. denial that Christ died on the cross; this group (Cerinthian) asserted that the "Christ spirit" came on the man Jesus at his baptism and left Him before He died on the cross
It is possible that the present tense,
"coming in the flesh," is John's way of rejecting Cerinthian Gnosticism and 1Jn_4:1-6 is his way of rejecting
Docetic Gnosticism.
Utley.
J.