So my question, that I have asked many times on this forum, is "What is Judaism"?
The question has to be qualified further and most of the adjunct inquiries asked in Post #105 are irrelevant to the correct answer because the correct answer is based wholly in whole scripture.
Fundamentally,
when scripture is the sole source considered, Judaism and Christianity are synonymous or identical. The religion that God honors is to help widows and orphans, those in need, and not defile oneself with the world (
James 1:27). As I mentioned in a previous post the first Christians were sectarian Jews. They were followers of the sect that was known as "The Way," or the way of Jesus bar Joseph, the rabbi from Nazareth. Later they became known as "
little christs, or Christians but that moniker gained ground only after the gospel had spread from Jerusalem into the surrounding pagan/Gentile lands.
The problem is that much of the religion Judaism was just plain wrong. Keep in mind that religion did not begin until Moses. Abraham did not practice religious Judaism. Neither did Enoch or Seth.
Theological problems arose in Judaism because men misunderstood what God was saying. Judaism, for example, completely misunderstood the priesthood, the Law, the monarchy, the kingdom, the Messiah, and more. Take, for example, the matter of the monarchy. In 1 Samuel 8 the elders of Israel petition God for a king like all the other nations.
1 Samuel 8:4-9
Then all the elders of Israel gathered together and came to Samuel at Ramah; and they said to him, "Behold, you have grown old, and your sons do not walk in your ways. Now appoint a king for us to judge us like all the nations." But the thing was displeasing in the sight of Samuel when they said, "Give us a king to judge us." And Samuel prayed to the LORD. The LORD said to Samuel, "Listen to the voice of the people in regard to all that they say to you, for they have not rejected you, but they have rejected Me from being king over them. "Like all the deeds which they have done since the day that I brought them up from Egypt even to this day—in that they have forsaken Me and served other gods—so they are doing to you also. "Now then, listen to their voice; however, you shall solemnly warn them and tell them of the procedure of the king who will reign over them."
God made it
explicitly clear 1) He did NOT want them to have a king like all the other nations and 2) He took their request to be a rejection of God as their king
. Both those conditions are very bad. They are blatant acts of disobedience. The people protested and after going back and forth between Samuel and the elders God lets them have their way. I did not quote the entire passage, so I encourage you to do so, but everything God said would happen did, in fact happen. Every single king, even David and Solomon, took from the people and misused and abused them. Now,
theologically speaking, what happened is the monarchy began to take hold in Jewish theology and gain in prominence. Presuppositionally, doctrines built on disobedience are bound to be bad doctrines. Without going into detail or having to survey the entirety of the Old Testament after 1 Samuel 8, by the time Jesus shows up in the first century the Jews have a woefully misguided understanding of the Messiah, his kingship, and the nature of God's kingdom. Much of Jesus' time and effort is spent correcting these misguided viewpoints but few accept the correction, and few understand the newer revelation provided by the Son of God. They ended up killing him because of these failures. There are several episodes like that one throughout the Tanakh (Old Testament).
Newer revelation always explains the older revelations. The basic principle is the OT informs the NT and the NT explains the OT. The NT explains what was veiled and hidden in the OT. Therefore, when a New Testament writer explains what an Old Testament text means THAT is what everyone, Jew or Gentile, should understand the Old Testament text meant (even if it was not explained that way back when those words were originally spoken or written). For example, in Acts 2, Pater is preaching under the influence of the Holy Spirit, and he explicitly states what everyone is observing (and some are experiencing) is THE fulfillment of Joel's prophecy in 2:28-29. That's not a doctrinal interpretation on my part (or anyone else's) that is what they Acts 2 text explicitly states. Some Messianic Jews accept and believe Peter's words exactly as written, and some do not. The salient point is that the New Testament tells us what to make of the Old Testament and one of the most important things the New Testament tells us is that Judaism of the first century was rife with errors.
That, in turn, means we Christians (which includes Messianic Jews) should be very cautious and discerning when applying the Old Testament. Judaization (the over-emphasis of Jewish beliefs and practices) is to be avoided. The whole of scripture as explained in New Testament teaching and practices is our guideline. The metric we can use is this:
We should read the Old Testament exactly as the New Testament teachers did. Wherever Jesus and/or the New Testament writers treated the Old Testament literally, then we should do the same. Similarly, wherever they treated the Old Testament figuratively, or allegorically, then we should do the same.
And (most of) the various denominations and sects with Christianity do this with varying degrees of consistency.
That is what defines
biblical Judaism, not post-canonical doctrines and practices. Just like Christianity, there are a lot of folks using the word "
Judaism" to mean many things, some of them incompatible with others' viewpoints. A modern liberal Jew looks much different than conservative Conservative or Orthodox Jew. The prevailing point of view in traditional Judaism was that of the Sadducees. They did not believe there existed a life after death. It was during the intertestamental period that the sects of the Pharisees and Essenes developed. It was the Pharisees, not the Sadducees that believed in a life after the grave, in a resurrection. They were the minority sect. They were also the correct sect. The Sads got it all wrong
(which is probably why scripture reports only Phars getting saved and never a Sad). No-life was bad theology. We definitely do not want to Judaize Christianity to say there is no life on the other side of the grave. From the world's point of view a Jew is someone who does not believe Jesus is the prophesied Messiah. From the Bible's point of view a Jew is someone who DOES believe Jesus is the Messiah. From the Bible's point of view there are no Jews; there is neither Jew nor Gentile in Christ. Neither is their Jew or Gentile in sin. Everyone not in Christ gets tossed into the fiery lake in the end and everyone yelling, "
But I'm Jewish!" will be ignored if not covered in the Lamb's blood. Everyone yelling, "
I don't believe in hell!" will also be ignored
.
These things are not typically understood with a causal reading of scripture. It takes study. Scripture does not always announce important points with blaring foghorns and glaring neon lights. Did you know David killed the husbands of
two of his wives? Uriah was the second man, not the first. The first one David killed with his own hands. the account is right there in scripture for everyone to read but the text does not announce the event as criminal. It expects everyone who's read, "
Thou shall not commit murder" to understand what just happened. Other things can be understood only by studying the history and culture of the time. The preamble of John's gospel, for example, is probably taken from the Jewish Philosopher Philo, but scripture does not come right out and declare that. Hellenism had become a huge influence throughout the Mediterranean and Near East but that's not stated in scripture, either. "Logos" was a Hellenist concept. John 1 can be understood without knowing about Hellenism, Philo, and what Hellenism taught about logos, but anyone studying those things gains a greater understanding of John's gospel when they do. The same applies when the Jew-turned-Christian Paul
quotes Epimenides. It's not necessary to have read Epimenides play to understand the Titus text, but it is possible to read that and think Paul is literally saying all people from Crete are liars (he is not).
Our brother
@praise_yeshua is likely to agree with some of the above and disagree with some of the above. He has stated, "
Messianic Judaism is made up of Christians that struggle with unbelief in Christianity," and "
they struggle with their roots found in unbelief relative to Judaism."
Everyone struggles with these things. Or, perhaps it is more accurate to say those of us who have an interest into the theological and orthodox matters of our faith struggle. My wife does not share my interest in the deeper things of theology at all. Hers, nonetheless, is an exemplary walk with God and I sometimes envy her simplicity..... knowing I am not made that way. Neither James, John, nor Peter were Paul.
1 Corinthians 1:10-14
Now I exhort you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that you all agree and that there be no divisions among you, but that you be made complete in the same mind and in the same judgment. For I have been informed concerning you, my brethren, by Chloe's people, that there are quarrels among you. Now I mean this, that each one of you is saying, "I am of Paul," and "I of Apollos," and "I of Cephas," and "I of Christ." Has Christ been divided? Paul was not crucified for you, was he? Or were you baptized in the name of Paul? I thank God that I baptized none of you.....
The seeds of sectarianism existed very early on in the Church. We should not be surprised they exist today. The enemies of Christ often cite the diversity in the body of Christ as a reason not to believe in Jesus, but the body of Christ shares a lot more common ground than it does division. Sometimes the divisions come from the degree to which Judaism is injected into Christianity. Peter struggled a great deal with it, and it caused him to stumble at least twice. James and John appear to have integrated Judaism without angst and the former Pharisee Paul could be considered at the opposite end of the spectrum making sure the errors in Judaism don't unduly influence or adulterate life in Christ.
We are, after all, Christians, not Jews
.