The Doctor and his Four Patients: A Parable about Faith and Works

Pancho Frijoles

Well-known member
Hi everyone

This is a parable on salvation, and the role of faith and works.
I invite you all to reflect and comment. Hopefully it may trigger a productive discussion.


Four young patients who suffered a dangerous disease came to see a doctor.
The doctor presented his credentials as the best specialist they could ever meet. Then he proceeded to diagnose the disease and prescribed the treatment. The treatment, he told them, was going to be painful, but its efficacy was guaranteed.
  1. ANDREW did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed. Therefore, he did not follow the treatment.
  2. MARGARET did believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be and followed the treatment.
  3. SUSAN, who was Margaret's identical twin, did believe the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be. However, she did not follow the treatment as it was painful.
  4. EDWARD did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be, but still thought the treatment made sense and followed it.

Some questions to reflect on:

Which of the patients was healed?
Why did the doctor present his credentials?
What is the importance of believing in doctor's credentials?
What is the importance of following the treatment?


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Jesus is a heart surgeon. He took my heart of stone and gave me a heart of flesh.

A doctor can test the health of our hearts with an electrocardiogram or EKG. It is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart; it is a way of checking that our hearts are functioning as they ought to.

We can use the acronym EKG to perform a test of our hearts based on Ephesians 4:32.

E = Empathy​


K = Kindness​


G = Grace​

 
Jesus is a heart surgeon. He took my heart of stone and gave me a heart of flesh.

A doctor can test the health of our hearts with an electrocardiogram or EKG. It is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart; it is a way of checking that our hearts are functioning as they ought to.

We can use the acronym EKG to perform a test of our hearts based on Ephesians 4:32.

E = Empathy​


K = Kindness​


G = Grace​


Thanks for the beautiful way to share your personal testimony, Aeliana!
May God keep your heart pure, kindly and radiant.
 
Hi everyone

This is a parable on salvation, and the role of faith and works.
I invite you all to reflect and comment. Hopefully it may trigger a productive discussion.


Four young patients who suffered a dangerous disease came to see a doctor.
The doctor presented his credentials as the best specialist they could ever meet. Then he proceeded to diagnose the disease and prescribed the treatment. The treatment, he told them, was going to be painful, but its efficacy was guaranteed.
  1. ANDREW did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed. Therefore, he did not follow the treatment.
  2. MARGARET did believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be and followed the treatment.
  3. SUSAN, who was Margaret's identical twin, did believe the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be. However, she did not follow the treatment as it was painful.
  4. EDWARD did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be, but still thought the treatment made sense and followed it.

Some questions to reflect on:

Which of the patients was healed?
Why did the doctor present his credentials?
What is the importance of believing in doctor's credentials?
What is the importance of following the treatment?


View attachment 917

Jesus also made the same point I think, to the mainstream preachers of His time according to Matthew.

28 But what think ye? A certain man had two sons; and he came to the first, and said, Son, go work to day in my vineyard.

29 He answered and said, I will not: but afterward he repented, and went.

30 And he came to the second, and said likewise. And he answered and said, I go, sir: and went not.

31 Whether of them twain did the will of his father?


Which of the patients was healed?
Margaret and Edward would have benefited from submission to the treatment.

Why did the doctor present his credentials?
Because HE knew what he was talking about and wanted to help these people.

What is the importance of believing in doctor's credentials?

It was of little consequence if a man believed in the credentials of the doctor, in this example.

What is the importance of following the treatment?
It was more important to be a "Doer" of the instructions given, than a hearer only, in this example.
 
Jesus also made the same point I think, to the mainstream preachers of His time according to Matthew.

28 But what think ye? A certain man had two sons; and he came to the first, and said, Son, go work to day in my vineyard.

29 He answered and said, I will not: but afterward he repented, and went.

30 And he came to the second, and said likewise. And he answered and said, I go, sir: and went not.

31 Whether of them twain did the will of his father?


Which of the patients was healed?
Margaret and Edward would have benefited from submission to the treatment.

Why did the doctor present his credentials?
Because HE knew what he was talking about and wanted to help these people.

What is the importance of believing in doctor's credentials?

It was of little consequence if a man believed in the credentials of the doctor, in this example.

What is the importance of following the treatment?
It was more important to be a "Doer" of the instructions given, than a hearer only, in this example.

Thank you very much for your comments!

Yes, the purpose of the doctor is to heal the patient.
The credentials are presented as a tool to encourage people to believe so that they can follow the treatment. The biggest credential, though, is the effectiveness of the treatment prescribed.

Some evangelical brothers and sisters seem to believe
  • that the doctor's main interest is to be recognized by his credentials
  • that the treatment consists in validating those credentials.
As a result, they have come to think that salvation from the "disease" of sin consists in adhering to dogmas about the preexistence, deity, incarnation, atonement, resurrection and Second Coming of Jesus. In other words, validating the credentials of Jesus as Messiah, or Son or God, or God. The numerous episodes of healing in the gospels, though, teach us that Jesus did not demand from the people adherence to any particular belief about his preexistence, deity, incarnation, atonement, resurrecction or second coming.
He demanded from people to believe that they could be healed, regardless on whether they thought Jesus was a Rabbi, a prophet, a healer, the Messiah, or the Son of God.

When Jesus said "I am the Way" he was referring to the Way of Life He teaches.
When Jesus said "I am the Life" he was referring to the New Life He calls us to be born to.
 
Thank you very much for your comments!

Yes, the purpose of the doctor is to heal the patient.
The credentials are presented as a tool to encourage people to believe so that they can follow the treatment. The biggest credential, though, is the effectiveness of the treatment prescribed.

Some evangelical brothers and sisters seem to believe
  • that the doctor's main interest is to be recognized by his credentials
  • that the treatment consists in validating those credentials.
As a result, they have come to think that salvation from the "disease" of sin consists in adhering to dogmas about the preexistence, deity, incarnation, atonement, resurrection and Second Coming of Jesus. In other words, validating the credentials of Jesus as Messiah, or Son or God, or God. The numerous episodes of healing in the gospels, though, teach us that Jesus did not demand from the people adherence to any particular belief about his preexistence, deity, incarnation, atonement, resurrecction or second coming.
He demanded from people to believe that they could be healed, regardless on whether they thought Jesus was a Rabbi, a prophet, a healer, the Messiah, or the Son of God.

When Jesus said "I am the Way" he was referring to the Way of Life He teaches.
When Jesus said "I am the Life" he was referring to the New Life He calls us to be born to.
That is one of the big heresies facing Christianity today, namely of faith in faith rather than faith in Christ. The idea of faith is focused on trust in something, not just agreeing (or solely agreeing) on a process or result. So in Christianity the object of our faith is Christ Jesus and God. They bring forth the results, such as healing, protection, and provision.
You are misinterpreting the topic of the synoptic gospels which are to testify that Jesus is the Messiah and to show what he did and what he taught the Jews. You are misconstruing that people's faith to be healed or you are assuming things you can only speculate about. At times people were noted recognizing Jesus is sent from God. Other times they recognized Jesus as a man of authority. Some were suspecting Christ as the Prophet. Even if not specified why some people came for healing, the sharing of these events is to point us to the Messiah, not to our expectation of being healed by some power within us.
To answer the importance of the doctor's credentials, we find only Christ Jesus has the credentials. So people who seek others only end up with doctors who bought their diplomas.
The importance of following the treatment is critical. We must believe in the Savior sent from Heaven and repent from following one's own lusts and own gods so they can give glory to the Son. It was evident how many have and had failed to follow this treatment.

Your lack of biblical faith makes this concept foreign to you. Come trust Jesus as your Lord and Savior.
 
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Hi everyone

This is a parable on salvation, and the role of faith and works.
I invite you all to reflect and comment. Hopefully it may trigger a productive discussion.


Four young patients who suffered a dangerous disease came to see a doctor.
The doctor presented his credentials as the best specialist they could ever meet. Then he proceeded to diagnose the disease and prescribed the treatment. The treatment, he told them, was going to be painful, but its efficacy was guaranteed.
  1. ANDREW did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed. Therefore, he did not follow the treatment.
  2. MARGARET did believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be and followed the treatment.
  3. SUSAN, who was Margaret's identical twin, did believe the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be. However, she did not follow the treatment as it was painful.
  4. EDWARD did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be, but still thought the treatment made sense and followed it.

Some questions to reflect on:

Which of the patients was healed?
Why did the doctor present his credentials?
What is the importance of believing in doctor's credentials?
What is the importance of following the treatment?


View attachment 917
It seems that in this case that belief would not be relevant to the efficacy of the treatment. The doctor guaranteed the treatment would be effective so let's assume that is true. Those who took the treatment were healed of their dangerous disease regardless of all other factors. The fundamental message is if you do nothing, yet you believe, you are not healed. If you believe and do something you are healed.

I have a bone to pick with one of the propositions. Edward did not believe the doctor was who he said he is, but still thought the treatment made sense and was healed. I would say that is trust.
 
It seems that in this case that belief would not be relevant to the efficacy of the treatment. The doctor guaranteed the treatment would be effective so let's assume that is true. Those who took the treatment were healed of their dangerous disease regardless of all other factors. The fundamental message is if you do nothing, yet you believe, you are not healed. If you believe and do something you are healed.

I have a bone to pick with one of the propositions. Edward did not believe the doctor was who he said he is, but still thought the treatment made sense and was healed. I would say that is trust.
Wonderful insight. Thank you, Runningman.
Yes, Edward trusted the treatment. Perhaps, now that he realizes he is healed, he will change his mind about the doctor.

Jesus told the skepticals:
If I am not doing the works of My Father, do not believe Me. But if I do them, though you do not believe Me, believe the works, that you may know and believe that the Father is in Me, and I in Him.” (John 10:37, 38)

Skeptics may not believe our arguments, our quotes from Scripture, our sermons… But they may believe the effect of our works and follow our example. Will they eventually join our church or religious community? Maybe they will, maybe not.
Whatever the case, Jesus will be pleased that they took the treatment He prescribed, and they were cured.

The treatment prescribed is to repent from our wrongdoings with a broken heart, and be willing to start a new life based on love to each other.
According to Jesus teaching in Matthew 25: 40, whatever we do to the most vulnerable of our brothers, we do it to Christ.
So, Jesus is much more interested in what we do to others, than in who wins a debate on his deity or limited atonement or physical resurrection. This is sound doctrine, firmly supported by Scripture.
.
 
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Wonderful insight. Thank you, Runningman.
Yes, Edward trusted the treatment. Perhaps, now that he realizes he is healed, he will change his mind about the doctor.

Jesus told the skepticals:
If I am not doing the works of My Father, do not believe Me. But if I do them, though you do not believe Me, believe the works, that you may know and believe that the Father is in Me, and I in Him.” (John 10:37, 38)

Skeptics may not believe our arguments, our quotes from Scripture, our sermons… But they may believe the effect of our works and follow our example. Will they eventually join our church or religious community? Maybe they will, maybe not.
Whatever the case, Jesus will be pleased that they took the treatment He prescribed, and they were cured.

The treatment prescribed is to repent from our wrongdoings with a broken heart, and be willing to start a new life based on love to each other.
According to Jesus teaching in Matthew 25: 40, whatever we do to the most vulnerable of our brothers, we do it to Christ.
So, Jesus is much more interested in what we do to others, than in who wins a debate on his deity or limited atonement or physical resurrection. This is sound doctrine, firmly supported by Scripture.
.
Yes that's true, but like you said, it can go a number of possible ways. The miraculous cure was the gateway to the heart of the patients and, despite them having no doubt heard testimonies of this doctor prior to seeking treatment, the experience of others being healed was not their experience. There is no substitute for experience even when testimony is from someone who is obviously convinced, sincere, and telling the truth as they know it.

People from earth know that to be fed you need to follow the food. Jesus was also aware of this and made the connection between their seeking out of food to fill their bellies with seeking him out in order to have eternal life. However, not believing in him because of the food he provided, but rather because that's the work God has assigned to each of them - to believe on he who God sent.

John 6 (KJV)
26Jesus answered them and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Ye seek me, not because ye saw the miracles, but because ye did eat of the loaves, and were filled. 27Labour not for the meat which perisheth, but for that meat which endureth unto everlasting life, which the Son of man shall give unto you: for him hath God the Father sealed. 28Then said they unto him, What shall we do, that we might work the works of God? 29Jesus answered and said unto them, This is the work of God, that ye believe on him whom he hath sent.
 
Hi everyone

This is a parable on salvation, and the role of faith and works.
I invite you all to reflect and comment. Hopefully it may trigger a productive discussion.


Four young patients who suffered a dangerous disease came to see a doctor.
The doctor presented his credentials as the best specialist they could ever meet. Then he proceeded to diagnose the disease and prescribed the treatment. The treatment, he told them, was going to be painful, but its efficacy was guaranteed.
  1. ANDREW did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed. Therefore, he did not follow the treatment.
  2. MARGARET did believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be and followed the treatment.
  3. SUSAN, who was Margaret's identical twin, did believe the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be. However, she did not follow the treatment as it was painful.
  4. EDWARD did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be, but still thought the treatment made sense and followed it.

Some questions to reflect on:

Which of the patients was healed?
Why did the doctor present his credentials?
What is the importance of believing in doctor's credentials?
What is the importance of following the treatment?


View attachment 917


There's an extreme flaw with the "parable". It is a very deceptive "parable" to get people to think that ONLY when we do good works (follow the treatment) can we be healed (saved).

So believing the doctor represents faith and following the treatment represents good works. The suggestion of the "parable" is that it doesn't matter whether you have faith or not, as long as you do good works, you'll be saved.

In fact, the "parable" doesn't even agree with the "faith plus works" crowd, who believe that both faith and works must be present. In the "parable", Edward didn't even need faith, just good works, and he was saved - healed.

The "parable" is a set-up against those of us who believe that faith alone saves.

What the people who believe that "faith plus works"brings salvation forget, is that we faith alone people ALSO believe in good works - not to be saved, but BECAUSE we are already saved ONLY by faith.

In the "parable", Susan had faith, but did no works. Like many believers today, she needed to listen to James admonishment (and Paul's and even Jesus') to do good deeds. Jesus said that we can only bear fruit if we abide in Him, but He expects us to do both.
 
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In fact, the "parable" doesn't even agree with the "faith plus works" crowd, who believe that both faith and works must be present. In the "parable", Edward didn't even need faith, just good works, and he was saved - healed.
Hi dwight!

Thanks for your comments.

How I see it, Edward needed faith. In order to undertake the treatment, he needed to believe that the doctor had said the truth and that the treatment was the right one. Otherwise, Edward had not taken the treatment.
What Edward did not have to believe is in all the credentials or arguments that the doctor presented on he who was. He didn't need to believe, for example, his age, specialty, University attended, and most of his curriculum vitae.

What wanted to stress in the parable is that believing in the doctor MEANS taking the treatment, because we believe the doctor is right.
I also wanted to stress that, in the end of the day, the doctor will be very happy with knowing that Edwad had been healed, because that was the final purpose why the doctor showed his credentials. The doctor didn't take as final purpose any praise to him, but the healing of his patients.

In the same way, Jesus was interested in people to follow what he said... even if they didn't believe his claims.
He never asked the people who approached him whether they believed in his preexistence, incarnation, perfection, deity, future atonement and resurrection, as a condition to heal them. Jesus was interested in knowing whether people believed they could be cured.
 
Hi dwight!



In the same way, Jesus was interested in people to follow what he said... even if they didn't believe his claims.
He never asked the people who approached him whether they believed in his preexistence, incarnation, perfection, deity, future atonement and resurrection, as a condition to heal them. Jesus was interested in knowing whether people believed they could be cured.
Most people Jesus healed did not hear his claims. Jesus spoke very little about being the Messiah. He did not commonly share about dying and then being resurrected. Most people that heard him or heard about him did not come to him. They lost their chance to be justified through Christ. So your analogy fails miserably. and people may need to share this again if Pancho has missed it.
 
Hi dwight!

Thanks for your comments.

How I see it, Edward needed faith. In order to undertake the treatment, he needed to believe that the doctor had said the truth and that the treatment was the right one. Otherwise, Edward had not taken the treatment.
What Edward did not have to believe is in all the credentials or arguments that the doctor presented on he who was. He didn't need to believe, for example, his age, specialty, University attended, and most of his curriculum vitae.

What wanted to stress in the parable is that believing in the doctor MEANS taking the treatment, because we believe the doctor is right.
I also wanted to stress that, in the end of the day, the doctor will be very happy with knowing that Edwad had been healed, because that was the final purpose why the doctor showed his credentials. The doctor didn't take as final purpose any praise to him, but the healing of his patients.

In the same way, Jesus was interested in people to follow what he said... even if they didn't believe his claims.
He never asked the people who approached him whether they believed in his preexistence, incarnation, perfection, deity, future atonement and resurrection, as a condition to heal them. Jesus was interested in knowing whether people believed they could be cured.


Pancho said: "In the same way, Jesus was interested in people to follow what he said... even if they didn't believe his claims."

Don't you even hear yourself? What a contradictory statement! What Jesus said INCLUDED HIS CLAIMS! So if people followed what He said, they WERE believing His claims. He said He preexisted, He said that He was without sin, He said that the Good Shepherd lays down His life for His sheep. He said, "Before Abraham was born, I AM." He said that He had descended from heaven. He said, "I lay down My life that I may take it up again." Anyone who rejected His claims was rejecting Him. He probably healed many who rejected His claims, because God is gracious. But if they didn't believe His words, which included His claims, they could not be saved
The healings, although an expression of His love and mercy, were meant to get people to believe in Him and who He said He was. It does little good for a person to miraculously get healed by Jesus - and then go to hell.
 
Pancho said: "In the same way, Jesus was interested in people to follow what he said... even if they didn't believe his claims."

Don't you even hear yourself? What a contradictory statement! What Jesus said INCLUDED HIS CLAIMS!
Hi Dwight

Thanks for your comment and please forgive me for not coming to you earlier.

Jesus was not a witch doctor. And certainly, he did not come to the world to teach people on how to prevent malaria or hepatitis A. He didn't introduce anesthesia or analgesics or the rudiments of surgical procedures.
Jesus was interested in the souls of men. That's why the episodes of healing diseases, casting out demons, resurrecting dead and forgiving sin are all acts of salvation of the soul.

I invite you to read each instance in which Jesus healed, cast demons or forgave. Jesus didn't test those he healed or forgave about their beliefs in his preexistence, virginal birth, perfect life, blood atonement, resurrection or Second Coming.

There was a moment when His disciples found a person who was not part of Jesus followers who was healing others in Jesus name.
If the disciples themselves didn't understand many things about Jesus mission, how much theology do you think that such person had? How much orthodox was he? Still, Jesus asked his disciples to let him act, "for whoever is not against us is for us." (Mark 9:40)

Human kings and messiahs pursue glory for themselves. Jesus was not of that kind. Jesus wanted people to be saved (healed).
So, believing in his credentials as The Messiah was important, but not the ultimate goal. Demons also believed He was the Messiah. The ultimate goal was that they repent, be reconciled with The Father and live as citizens of the Kingdom.
 
Hi everyone

This is a parable on salvation, and the role of faith and works.
I invite you all to reflect and comment. Hopefully it may trigger a productive discussion.


Four young patients who suffered a dangerous disease came to see a doctor.
The doctor presented his credentials as the best specialist they could ever meet. Then he proceeded to diagnose the disease and prescribed the treatment. The treatment, he told them, was going to be painful, but its efficacy was guaranteed.
  1. ANDREW did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed. Therefore, he did not follow the treatment.
  2. MARGARET did believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be and followed the treatment.
  3. SUSAN, who was Margaret's identical twin, did believe the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be. However, she did not follow the treatment as it was painful.
  4. EDWARD did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be, but still thought the treatment made sense and followed it.

Some questions to reflect on:

Which of the patients was healed?
Why did the doctor present his credentials?
What is the importance of believing in doctor's credentials?
What is the importance of following the treatment?
First off, this is not quite accurate to salvation, because for salvation we must not only follow the plan laid out by God, but also believe in who Jesus is and what He did. So if we apply that requirement to the scenario above:
Margaret is the only one who would have been healed - She believed and she obeyed.
Andrew did not believe in the doctor, nor did he obey the plan.
Susan, while she said she believed in the doctor, didn't really believe because belief requires that she obey the plan.
Edward didn't believe in the doctor, and even though he followed the plan, he did it with the wrong heart, and so it was not effective.
 
Hi everyone

This is a parable on salvation, and the role of faith and works.
I invite you all to reflect and comment. Hopefully it may trigger a productive discussion.


Four young patients who suffered a dangerous disease came to see a doctor.
The doctor presented his credentials as the best specialist they could ever meet. Then he proceeded to diagnose the disease and prescribed the treatment. The treatment, he told them, was going to be painful, but its efficacy was guaranteed.
  1. ANDREW did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed. Therefore, he did not follow the treatment.
  2. MARGARET did believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be and followed the treatment.
  3. SUSAN, who was Margaret's identical twin, did believe the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be. However, she did not follow the treatment as it was painful.
  4. EDWARD did not believe that the doctor was the great specialist he claimed to be, but still thought the treatment made sense and followed it.

Some questions to reflect on:

Which of the patients was healed?
Why did the doctor present his credentials?
What is the importance of believing in doctor's credentials?
What is the importance of following the treatment?


View attachment 917
The Cross, which saves us, is analogous to the Doctor's Treatment.
Andrew did not believe in the Treatment (Cross), so he was not cured (not saved).
Margaret believed in the Treatment (Cross) and was cured (saved).
Margaret did not believe in the Treatment (Cross) and was not cured (not saved).
Edward believed in the Treatment (Cross) and was cured (saved).
 
The Cross, which saves us, is analogous to the Doctor's Treatment.
Andrew did not believe in the Treatment (Cross), so he was not cured (not saved).
Margaret believed in the Treatment (Cross) and was cured (saved).
Margaret did not believe in the Treatment (Cross) and was not cured (not saved).
Edward believed in the Treatment (Cross) and was cured (saved).
I agree with the general analysis.
Now let's describe what "the cross" means.
If it means crucifying the old man (our old ways) and be born into a new man (new way of living), I agree that that is the treatment.
If it means to believe that Jesus accomplished a substitutionary blood atonement, I strongly differ, because that is not what Jesus preached.

It is important to understand what the treatment is because consequences are enormous. Here are two consequences

FIRST

Believing in a substitutionary blood atonement is just a theoretical belief: it has no power to change the person. A demon can also give us a lecture of substitutionary blood atonement. Thousands of people beliving in such doctrine have committed atrocities.
So, theory does not heal the patient.
In contrast, crucifying the old man and resurrecting into a new man DOES HEAL THE PATIENT FOR GOOD.

SECOND

Believing in a substitutionary blood atonement excludes from healing billions of children of God who profess other religions, or no religions. It makes religion a superstition and its god foolish. Any god that demands blood in exchange for mercy is an imposter, and if such god tortures or destroys people for their religious theoretical convictions, it is genocidal imposter.
 
I agree with the general analysis.
Now let's describe what "the cross" means.
If it means crucifying the old man (our old ways) and be born into a new man (new way of living), I agree that that is the treatment.
If it means to believe that Jesus accomplished a substitutionary blood atonement, I strongly differ, because that is not what Jesus preached.

It is important to understand what the treatment is because consequences are enormous. Here are two consequences

FIRST

Believing in a substitutionary blood atonement is just a theoretical belief: it has no power to change the person. A demon can also give us a lecture of substitutionary blood atonement. Thousands of people beliving in such doctrine have committed atrocities.
So, theory does not heal the patient.
In contrast, crucifying the old man and resurrecting into a new man DOES HEAL THE PATIENT FOR GOOD.

SECOND

Believing in a substitutionary blood atonement excludes from healing billions of children of God who profess other religions, or no religions. It makes religion a superstition and its god foolish. Any god that demands blood in exchange for mercy is an imposter, and if such god tortures or destroys people for their religious theoretical convictions, it is genocidal imposter.
Excellent description of what the Cross signifies:

 
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