Sam Shamoun-very outspoken-too outspoken for my liking.
A Series of Answers to Common Questions
Sam Shamoun
Question:
According to Deuteronomy 6:4 there is only one Yahweh God. Jesus himself quoted this in Mark 12:29 to prove that God is one. Since Jesus quotes this as one of the greatest commandments doesn’t this prove that he didn’t believe in a Triune God or in his Divinity?
Answer:
Before we begin discussing the implication and meaning of Jesus’ words we first would like to quote these specific passages, beginning with Deuteronomy 6:4:
"Hear O Israel, Yahweh our God Yahweh is One (Shema Yisrael Yahweh Eloheinu Yahweh Echad)."(1)
And now, here is the immediate context of Mark 12 in order to more fully appreciate Jesus’ point:
"And one of the scribes came up and heard them disputing with one another, and seeing that he answered them well, asked him, ‘Which commandment is the most important of all?’ Jesus answered, ‘The most important is, "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one (kyrious ho theos hemon kyrios heis estin). And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength." The second is this: "You shall love your neighbor as yourself." There is no other commandment greater than these.’ And the scribe said to him, ‘You are right, Teacher. You have truly said that he is one (hoti heis estin), and there is no other besides him. And to love him with all the heart and with all the understanding and with all the strength, and to love one’s neighbor as oneself, is much more than all whole burnt offerings and sacrifices.’ And when Jesus saw that he answered wisely, he said to him, ‘You are not far from the kingdom of God.’ And after that no one dared to ask him any more questions." Mark 12:28-34
Heis is a singular masculine adjective which in this context modifies kyrios. The verb estin is functioning here as a copula (linking verb) of predication (to state or affirm as an attribute or quality of the subject), i.e. "he is one Lord."
The problem here is that this doesn’t tell us the exact type of oneness that the Bible writers are predicating or attributing to God, i.e. is he a single Being with a single essence that encompasses a plurality of attributes and/or Persons? Or does his essence preclude his having multiple attributes and/or Persons? To put it simply, what does it exactly mean that God is one?
When one carefully examines the Holy Bible God’s unity cannot mean that he has only one attribute since the Scriptures are filled with references to the multiplicity of characteristics that God has such as love, mercy, compassion, justice, righteousness, perfection etc.
"And he said, ‘I will make all my goodness pass before you and will proclaim before you my name "The LORD." And I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious, and will show mercy on whom I will show mercy.’" Exodus 33:19
"The LORD passed before him and proclaimed, ‘The LORD, the LORD, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness, keeping steadfast love for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, but who will by no means clear the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children and the children’s children, to the third and the fourth generation.’" Exodus 34:6-7
"The Rock, his work is perfect, for all his ways are justice. A God of faithfulness and without iniquity, just and upright is he." Deuteronomy 32:4
"Anyone who does not love does not know God, because God is love … So we have come to know and to believe the love that God has for us. God is love, and whoever abides in love abides in God, and God abides in him." 1 John 4:8, 16
Nor can this mean that God is one in Person since both the NT Scriptures and the Hebrew Bible emphatically testify that there are multiple Persons of God. For instance, here is what Jesus went on to say right after he quoted the Shema or Deuteronomy 6:4:
"And as Jesus taught in the temple, he said, ‘How can the scribes say that the Christ is the son of David? David himself, in the Holy Spirit, declared, "The Lord (kyrios) said to my Lord (to kyrio mou), ‘Sit at my right hand, until I put your enemies under your feet.’" David himself calls him Lord (kyrion). So how is he his son?’ And the great throng heard him gladly." Mark 12:35-37
Christ was referring to the following Psalm where David’s Lord is exalted above his enemies and is given victory in battle to destroy them:
"The utterance of Yahweh to my Lord (Adoni): ‘Sit at my right hand, until I make your enemies your footstool.’ Yahweh sends forth from Zion your mighty scepter. Rule in the midst of your enemies! Your people will offer themselves freely on the day of your power, in holy garments; from the womb of the morning, the dew of your youth will be yours. Yahweh has sworn and will not change his mind, ‘You are a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek.’ The Lord (Adonai) is at your right hand; he will shatter kings on the day of his wrath. He will execute judgment among the nations, filling them with corpses; he will shatter chiefs over the wide earth. He will drink from the brook by the way; therefore he will lift up his head." Psalm 110:1-7
Interestingly, the Lord who is at Yahweh’s right hand is called Adonai in verse 5, a title that is used extensively for Yahweh God. Note, once again, what verse 1 says:
"The utterance of Yahweh to my Lord is: ‘Sit at MY right hand, until I make your enemies your footstool.’"
Now compare this with verse 5:
"The Lord is at YOUR right hand; he will shatter kings on the day of his wrath."
In the context "your right hand" obviously refers to Yahweh's right hand since in verse 1 the Psalter has already made mention of it, i.e. "My right hand." This supports the fact that the Adonai of verse 5 is the same Lord of verse 1 since both are said to be at Yahweh's right hand. Hence, David's Lord, the Messiah, is called Adonai, a name that is often applied to Yahweh!
The other important thing to note about this particular Psalm is that there is an interesting variant that is found in the Greek version of the Hebrew Bible (Septuagint [LXX]), one that points to the preexistence of David’s Lord:
With You is dominion in the day of Your power, in the splendors of Your saints; I have begotten You from the womb before the morning. Psalm 110:3 LXX (Source)
The official Catholic version of the Holy Bible, the New American Bible (NAB), adopted this reading over against the Hebrew version:
"Yours is princely power from the day of your birth. In holy splendor before the daystar, like the dew I begot you."
3 [3] Like the dew I begot you: an adoption formula as in Psalm 2:7; 89:27-28. Before the daystar: possibly an expression for before the world began (Proverbs 8:22). (Source)
Evidently, the translators of the Septuagint believed that this text supported the view that not only was David’s Lord already existing at the time this particular Psalm was composed, but that he was also there with God before the creation of the world!
The Septuagint basically concurs with the theology of the Fourth Gospel which quotes Jesus as saying:
"And now, Father, glorify me in your own presence with the glory that I had with you before the world existed… Father, I desire that they also, whom you have given me, may be with me where I am, to see my glory that you have given me because you loved me before the foundation of the world." John 17:5, 24
With the foregoing in perspective we can more fully appreciate Jesus’ point: By appealing to this particular Psalm the Lord wanted to call attention to the fact that the Messiah is more than a human descendant of David, since he is also his sovereign Lord. Moreover, the context of the Psalm provides the reason why the Messiah is David’s Lord, and therefore greater than his human ancestor; the former is a preexistent Divine figure that was there with God even before David came into being!
Hence, even though Jesus said that the Lord God is one he went on to speak of two Persons as Lord, namely, both his Father and himself.
Jesus doesn’t stop there since this is what he also said earlier in Mark 12:
"He had still one other, a beloved son. Finally he sent him to them, saying, ‘They will respect my son.’ But those tenants said to one another, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him, and the inheritance will be ours.’ And they took him and killed him and threw him out of the vineyard." Mark 12:6-8
In this parable, the owner of the vineyard represents God and the servants represent his prophets:
"From the day that your fathers came out of the land of Egypt to this day, I have persistently sent all my servants the prophets to them, day after day." Jeremiah 7:25
"You have neither listened nor inclined your ears to hear, although the LORD persistently sent to you all his servants the prophets, saying, ‘Turn now, every one of you, from his evil way and evil deeds, and dwell upon the land that the LORD has given to you and your fathers from of old and forever.’" Jeremiah 25:4-5
What makes this rather amazing is that Christ doesn’t identify himself as one of the servants but as the Owner’s beloved Son and Heir!
It isn’t merely the NT that affirms God’s Uniplurality, the OT Scriptures also confirm this truth:
"I will recount the steadfast love of the LORD, the praises of the LORD, according to all that the LORD has granted us, and the great goodness to the house of Israel that he has granted them according to his compassion, according to the abundance of his steadfast love. For he said, ‘Surely they are my people, children who will not deal falsely.’ And he became their Savior. In all their affliction he was afflicted, and the Angel of his Presence saved them; in his love and in his pity he redeemed them; he lifted them up and carried them all the days of old. But they rebelled and grieved his Holy Spirit; therefore he turned to be their enemy, and himself fought against them. Then he remembered the days of old, of Moses and his people. Where is he who brought them up out of the sea with the shepherds of his flock? Where is he who put in the midst of them his Holy Spirit, who caused his glorious arm to go at the right hand of Moses, who divided the waters before them to make for himself an everlasting name, who led them through the depths? Like a horse in the desert, they did not stumble. Like livestock that go down into the valley, the Spirit of the LORD gave them rest. So you led your people, to make for yourself a glorious name. Look down from heaven and see, from your holy and beautiful habitation. Where are your zeal and your might? The stirring of your inner parts and your compassion are held back from me. For you are our Father, though Abraham does not know us, and Israel does not acknowledge us; you, O LORD, are our Father, our Redeemer from of old is your name." Isaiah 63:7-16
Here, the redemption of Israel from Egypt is attributed to Yahweh God the Father, the Angel or Messenger (malak) of his Presence (panim– lit., "faces"), and his Holy Spirit.
It should be noted that both the Hebrew and Greek words for angel simply mean a messenger, not necessarily a spirit being with wings (1, 2).
Moreover, the evidence from the Hebrew Bible shows that this particular Messenger or Angel is not a creature but a theophany (an appearance of God), or more precisely a christophany (preincarnate appearances of Christ).