Judaizing Denominations and Judaizing Schisms.

[synergy]

These are the Judaizing denominations and Schisms. Every group on this list—despite major differences—impose foreign Judaizing heresies on Jesus. Whether through law, ritual precision, calendar observance, created mediators, organizational authority, or covenantal ladders, these systems all impose foreign heresies alongside Christ and thus fall under the apostolic condemnation of Judaizing

1. Jehovah’s Witnesses
JWs judaize by denying Christ’s full deity and replacing his once-for-all mediatorial work with organizational law, obedience metrics, and a created intermediary. Salvation is conditioned on conformity to Watchtower regulations, field service, and covenantal loyalty to an earthly authority—functionally a new Torah (Gal 1:6–9; Col 2:18–23).

2. Biblical Unitarians (Socinians, modern Unitarian Christianity)
Unitarians judaize by reverting to pre-incarnational monotheism, rejecting the divine Son and collapsing the gospel back into an Old Covenant framework where Jesus is merely a human agent. This reproduces Second-Temple Jewish objections to the gospel and nullifies justification grounded in union with the divine Christ (Rom 10:9–13; John 8:24).

3. Arianism (ancient and modern forms)
Arians judaize by subordinating the Son to the Father ontologically, turning Christ into a created mediator rather than God-with-us. This restores covenantal distance between God and humanity and undermines the New Covenant promise that God himself saves (Isa 43:11; Titus 2:13; Heb 1).

4. Seventh-day Adventism
SDAs judaize by reinstating Mosaic Sabbath observance and law-keeping as covenant identity markers and tying assurance to investigative judgment and end-time law fidelity. Though Christ is confessed verbally, the system conditions final salvation on Torah-shaped perseverance, which Paul explicitly rejects (Gal 4:9–11; Col 2:16–17).

5. Messianic Judaism
Messianic Jews judaize by denying that the Word who was God now tabernacles as Jesus and they judaize overtly by reintroducing Torah observance, Jewish covenantal distinctions, and ethnic identity markers within the Church. This rebuilds the dividing wall Christ destroyed and contradicts Paul’s teaching that returning to the Law severs one from grace (Gal 5:1–4; Eph 2:14–16).

6. Oneness Pentecostalism
Oneness Pentecostals judaizes by denying the personal distinctions within the Godhead and reducing salvation to a legal formula: correct baptismal wording, Spirit evidence (tongues), and behavioral compliance. This replaces Trinitarian grace with ritual exactitude, echoing the Judaizing demand for covenantal correctness rather than faith in the Triune Christ (Gal 3:2–5; Matt 28:19).

7. Latter-day Saint Movement (Mormonism / LDS)
Mormons judaize by replacing grace with a tiered covenantal system of laws, ordinances, priesthoods, and temple rites necessary for exaltation. Christ’s atonement is insufficient without ongoing legal obedience, mirroring the Galatian error of supplementing Christ with law (Gal 3:3; Heb 10:10–18).

8. Restorationist Legalism (Christadelphians)
Where present, Judaizing occurs through rigid ordinance requirements, and denial of Christ’s full deity, making covenant membership depend on correct ritual performance rather than union with Christ (Rom 4:4–5; Gal 2:16).

9. Hebrew Roots / Torah Observance Movements
They judaize explicitly by asserting that believers must keep dietary laws, feasts, Sabbaths, and Hebrew forms to be faithful or complete Christians. Paul directly condemns this as a return to bondage and a denial of Christ’s fulfillment of the Law (Gal 5:2–6; Col 2:20–23).

10. Islam (post-Christian Judaizing comparator)
While not Christian, Islam exemplifies post-Christ Judaizing: it affirms Old Testament monotheism, rejects the Son and the cross, and replaces redemption with submission to law (sharia). Paul’s diagnosis fits exactly: law without Christ is slavery (Gal 4:24–25).

 

[Soyeong]

These are the Judaizing denominations and Schisms. Every group on this list—despite major differences—impose foreign Judaizing heresies on Jesus. Whether through law, ritual precision, calendar observance, created mediators, organizational authority, or covenantal ladders, these systems all impose foreign heresies alongside Christ and thus fall under the apostolic condemnation of Judaizing

In Matthew 4:15-23, Christ bean his ministry with the Gospel message to repent for the Kingdom of God is at hand, which was a light to the Gentiles, and the Torah was how his audience knew what sin is (Romans 3:20), so repenting from our disobedience to it is a central part of the Gospel of the Kingdom/Grace, which Paul also taught based on the Torah (Acts 14:21-22, 20:24-25, 28:23). Christ also set a sinless example for us to follow of how to walk in obedience to the Torah and we are told to follow his example (1 Peter 2:21-22), that those who are in Christ are obligated to walk in the same way that he walked (1 John 2:6), and to be imitators of Paul as if he is of Christ (1 Corinthians 11:1). So both Christ and Paul taught obedience to the Torah by word and by example and if that is what makes someone a Judaizers, then they were Judaizers and we should all by Judaizers, but rather the the problem that Paul had with the Judaizers was that they were wanting to require Gentiles to become circumcised in order to become saved/justified (Acts 15:1). You are accusing a bunch of groups of Judaizing for reasons that have nothing to do with the problem that they had with what the Judaizers were doing.

(Gal 1:6–9

Galatians 1:6-9 should not be turned against the Gospel that Christ and Paul taught.

(Rom 10:9–13

In Romans 10:5-13, Paul referred to Deuteronomy 30 as the word of faith that we proclaim in regard to the righteousness that is by faith proclaiming that the Torah is not too difficult for us to obey, that obedience to it brings life and a blessing, in regard to what we are submitting to obey by confessing that Jesus is Lord, and in regard to the way to believe that God raised him from the dead for salvation.

Titus 2:13

In Titus 2:11-13, the content of our gift of salvation is described as being trained by grace to do what is godly, righteous, and good, and to renounce doing what is ungodly, so doing those works in obedience to the Torah has nothing to do with trying to earn our salvation as the result, but rather God graciously teaching us to experience being a doer of those works is part of the content of His gift of salvation.

Gal 4:9–11;

In Exodus 33:13, Moses wanted to God to be gracious to him by teaching him by teaching him to walk in His way that he and Israel might know Him, and in Matthew 7:23, Jesus said that he would tell those who are workers of lawlessness to depart from him because he never knew them, so the goal of the Torah is to graciously teach us how to know God and Jesus by walking in His way, which is His gift of eternal life (John 17:3). In Galatians 4:8-11, Paul addressed those who formerly did not know God, who were enslaved to those that by nature are not gods, who have come to know and be known by God, who were turning back to weak and worthless elementary principles of the world, who were wanting to become enslaved once again, so there is no sense in interpreting this passage as Paul critiquing them for returning to following God's instructions for how to know and by known by Him, but rather he was clearly addressing former pagans, who and had come to know and be known by God through following Christ's example of obedience those instructions, who were returning to being enslaved by returning to celebrating pagan holy days.

Col 2:16–17).

Likewise, in Colossians 2:16-23, they were celebrating God's feasts in accordance with the example that Christ set for us to follow, they were being judged for doing that by pagans who were promoting human precepts and traditions, self-made religion, asceticism, and severity to the body, and Paul was encouraging them not to let anyone judge them for obeying God. Those promoting asceticism and severity to the body would be judging people for celebrating feasts, not for reframing from doing that. God's feasts are foreshadows that testify about the truth of what is to come and we should live in a way that testifies about the truth of what is to come by following Christ's example of observing them rather that a way that bears false witness against what is to come, so Paul was emphasizing the importance of now allowing anyone to prevent us from obeying God.

Gal 5:1–6;

If God saved the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt in order to put them under bondage to the Torah, then it would be for bondage that He sets us free, however, Galatians 5:1 says that it is for freedom that God sets us free, so was not speaking against obeying the Law of God. In Psalm 119:142, the Law of God is truth, and in John 8:31-36, it is the transgression of the Torah that puts us into bondage while the truth sets us free.

If Paul had been speaking against becoming circumcised for any reason and not just against incorrect reasons, then Galatians 5:2 would mean that he caused Christ to be of no value to Timothy when he had him circumcised and Christ is of no value to roughly 70% of the men in the US. In Acts 15:1, men from Judea were wanting to require Gentiles to become circumcised in order to become saved, however, that was never the reason why God commanded circumcision, so the Jerusalem Council upheld the Torah by correcting ruling against requiring circumcision for an incorrect reason. In Exodus 12:48, Gentiles who want to eat of the Passover lamb are required to become circumcised, so someone should not interpret the Jerusalem Council as ruling against Gentiles correctly acting in accordance with the Torah as if they had the authority to countermand God.

God wanted His children to repent and to return to obedience to the Torah all throughout the Bible, and even Christ began his ministry with that Gospel message, so it would be absurd for someone to interpret Galatians 5:4 as warning that we will be cut off from Christ if we repent and believe the Gospel. In Psalm 119:29-30, he wanted to put false ways far from him, for God to be gracious to him by teaching him to obey the Torah, and he chose the way of faith by setting it before him, so this has always been the one and only way of salvation by grace through faith, and it would again be absurd for someone to interpret this as him wanting God to be gracious to him by teaching him how to fall from grace.

In regard to Galatians 5:5, God has not commanded anything that is not in accordance with walking in the Spirit, which is why Paul contrasted those who walk in the Spirit with those who have minds set on the flesh who are enemies of God who refuse to submit to the Torah (Romans 8:4-7).

In regard to Galatians 5:6, Paul saying that circumcision has no value and that what matters if faith working through love is parallel to 1 Corinthians 7:19 where he said that circumcision has no value and that what matters is obeying the commandments of God, so he equated faith working through love with obeying the Torah. In Romans 3:31, Paul said that our faith upholds the Law of God, and in Matthew 22:36-40, Jesus summarized the Torah as being about how to love God and our neighbor. In Romans 3:1-2, Paul also said that circumcision has much value in every way and in Romans 2:25, he said that circumcision conditionally has value if we obey the Torah, so the issue is that circumcision has no inherent value and that its value is entirely derived from whether we obey the Torah. Physical circumcision is a sign of someone having a circumcised heart, which is evident by their obedience to the Torah (Deuteronomy 30:6), so it only has value insofar as what it is a sign of is true.

Eph 2:14–16).

In Ephesians 2:12-19, Gentiles were at one time separated from Christ, alienated from Israel and strangers to the covenants of promise, having no hope and without God in this world, which is in accordance with Gentiles at one time not being doers of the Torah, but through faith in Christ all of that is no longer true in that Gentiles are no longer strangers or allies but are fellow citizens of Israel along with the saints in the household of God, which is in accordance with Gentiles becoming doers of the Torah.

(Gal 3:2–5;

In Romans 3:27, Paul contrasted a law of works with a law of faith, in Galatians 3:10-12, he contrasted the Book of the Law with "works of the law", an din Romans 3:31 and Galatians 3:10-12, he said that our faith upholds the Torah in contrast with saying that "works of the law" are not of faith, so that phrase does not refer to the Torah, which is why it is not of faith.

Matt 28:19).

Jesus spent his ministry teaching his followers to obey the Torah by word and by example and in Matthew 28:16-20, he commissioned his disciples to teach to the nations everything that he taught them.

(Rom 4:4–5;

While Paul denied in Romans 4:1-5 that we can earn our righteousness as the result of our works, he also affirmed in Romans 2:13 that only the doers of the Torah will be declared righteous, so there is a reason why our righteousness requires us to chose to be doers of the Torah other than in order to earn it as wage, namely faith insofar as the faith by which we are declared righteous also uphold the Torah (Romans 3:31).

 

[atpollard]

5. Messianic Judaism
Messianic Jews judaize by denying that the Word who was God now tabernacles as Jesus and they judaize overtly by reintroducing Torah observance, Jewish covenantal distinctions, and ethnic identity markers within the Church. This rebuilds the dividing wall Christ destroyed and contradicts Paul’s teaching that returning to the Law severs one from grace (Gal 5:1–4; Eph 2:14–16).

I think we need to be a little careful with this one. An early Christian Missionary error (16th-19th Century) was conflating western culture with Christian beliefs. Early missionaries believed that people needed to be taught to talk and dress like Europeans to be “Christian”. There are some aspects of all cultures that are incompatible with the teachings of Jesus, but not all. We are called to teach what Jesus taught and make “little Christs” not “little us”. We (the Church) ultimately learned this and the Church in Korea and China is far stronger because they follow HIM rather than US.

So what does this mean for ethnic Jews? While Paul was clear that the early Jewish converts had no right to compel the “Greeks” to become Jewish (the Greeks were only called to obey Jesus), Paul was not calling upon Jews to hate their Jewishness, but to place their trust in GOD rather than RULES and WORKS. So when modern Jews turn to Christ, what right have we to require them to abandon their culture and adopt our culture? God did deliver their fathers from Egypt, it it so terrible if they remember God’s goodness with a sader dinner? Most of the “Works of the Law” that Paul railed against are no longer possible. Try and offer two pigeons at the temple even if you WANTED TO!

So I agree, nobody has the right to guilt me into becoming more “Messianic Jewish” … but they can nail anything they want to their door posts to honor God without my needing to take offense.

 

[Studyman]

These are the Judaizing denominations and Schisms. Every group on this list—despite major differences—impose foreign Judaizing heresies on Jesus. Whether through law, ritual precision, calendar observance, created mediators, organizational authority, or covenantal ladders, these systems all impose foreign heresies alongside Christ and thus fall under the apostolic condemnation of Judaizing

What exactly is "Judaizing"? Is a Judaizer defined by you as a Faithful "Doer", not just a hearer of the Christ's Sayings? Men who deny their old self and strive with all their heart to Put on a New man, a man "which after God is created in righteousness and true holiness", who "Lives By" Every Word that proceeds from the mouth of God. A man who has not already attained, either were already perfect: but follow after, if that they may apprehend that for which also they were apprehended of Christ Jesus. "Men who count not their selves to have apprehended this perfection: but this one thing they "do", forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before, they press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God (Which is) in Christ Jesus."

Or are they like the mainstream religions of the world in Jesus Time, who "profess that they know God; but in works they deny him, being abominable, and disobedient, and unto every good work reprobate." who despised God's Judgments and definition of Righteousness, and pollute God's sabbaths, and "Full well reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep their own tradition?

Is it a religion who lives in disobedience to God Laws, Statutes and Judgments all week, but then one day every week they offer to God the Blood of an unblemished, innocent sacrifice to justify them of their willful rejection of God's Word? (Is. 1:1-20)

Or are they men who present their bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is only their reasonable service. Men who are not conformed to the religions of this world: but are transformed by the renewing of their mind, that they may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God"?

I can never get a straight answer from the "many" who come in Christ's Name?

 

[Soyeong]

I think we need to be a little careful with this one. An early Christian Missionary error (16th-19th Century) was conflating western culture with Christian beliefs. Early missionaries believed that people needed to be taught to talk and dress like Europeans to be “Christian”. There are some aspects of all cultures that are incompatible with the teachings of Jesus, but not all. We are called to teach what Jesus taught and make “little Christs” not “little us”. We (the Church) ultimately learned this and the Church in Korea and China is far stronger because they follow HIM rather than US.

This is a valid point.

So what does this mean for ethnic Jews? While Paul was clear that the early Jewish converts had no right to compel the “Greeks” to become Jewish (the Greeks were only called to obey Jesus),

There are cultural difference just among Jews in regard to how to walk out the Torah, but walking out the Torah itself is not a Jewish thing, but rather it is a God thing. In other words, the goal of the Torah is to graciously teach us how to know the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob through walking in His way (Exodus 33:13), which is the way to experience embodying His character traits (Genesis 18:19), and which is the way to eternal life (John 17:3). While Gentiles are not required to become Jews in order to become followers of Christ, the way to become a follower of Christ is by becoming a follower of his example, and he set a sinless example for us to follow of how to practice Judaism by walking in obedience to the Torah, which is an example that we are told to follow (1 Peter 2:21-22, 1 John 2:6, 1 Corinthians 11:1). Likewise, Jesus quoted Deuteronomy three times in order to defeat the temptations of Satan, which included saying that man shall not live by bread alone but by every word that comes from the mouth of God, so that is the way to obey Jesus.

Paul was not calling upon Jews to hate their Jewishness, but to place their trust in GOD rather than RULES and WORKS.

God is trustworthy, therefore the Torah is also trustworthy (Psalms 19:7), so the way to trust in God is by obediently trusting in His instructions, and it would be contradictory for someone to think that we should trust in God instead of in His instructions or to think that we should trust in God's Word made flesh instead of in embodying God's Word.

So when modern Jews turn to Christ, what right have we to require them to abandon their culture and adopt our culture? God did deliver their fathers from Egypt, it it so terrible if they remember God’s goodness with a sader dinner?

You are correct that Christians should have no problems with Jews honoring God in accordance with what God has commanded, however, celebrating Passover is not a cultural thing, but rather it is a God thing. Someone who is celebrating Passover we are not testifying about who they are but about who God is while someone who refuses to celebrate Passover is bearing false witness against who God is.

Most of the “Works of the Law” that Paul railed against are no longer possible. Try and offer two pigeons at the temple even if you WANTED TO!

In Roman 3:27, Paul contrasted a law of works with a law of faith, in Galatians 3:10-12, he said contrasted the Book of the Law with "works of the law", and in Romas 3:31 and Galatians 3:10-12, he said that our faith upholds the Torah in contrast with saying that "works of the law" are not of faith, so that phrase does not refer to the Torah, which is why it is not of faith. In Psalms 119:30, he chose the way of faith by setting the Torah before him.

In Deuteronomy 13, the way that God instructed to determine that someone is a false prophet who is not speaking for Him is if they speak against obeying what He has commanded, so it is either incorrect to interpret Paul as doing that or he was a false prophet, but either way followers of Christ should be followers of his example of obedience to the Torah. If you think that Paul was a servant of God, then you should be opposed to interpreting as railing against obeying what He has commanded, and if you think that he should be interpreted as railing against obeying what He has commanded, then you should be opposed to considering him to be a servant of God, but Deuteronomy 13 does not leave room for someone to consider Paul to be a servant of God while also thinking that he should be interpreted as railing against obeying what He has commanded.

However, it is correct that a large portion of the Torah is in regard to Temple practice, which should only be followed when there is the Temple.

So I agree, nobody has the right to guilt me into becoming more “Messianic Jewish” … but they can nail anything they want to their door posts to honor God without my needing to take offense.

Messianic Judaism is practiced by both Messianic Jews and Messianic Gentiles, though the vast majority are Messianic Gentiles in accordance with the fact that the vast majority of people in general are Gentiles. Being Messianic is about recognizing that Jesus set a perfect example for us to follow of how to practice Judaism by walking in sinless obedience to the Torah and about understanding the Bible in that context. The Torah teaches us how to know, love, glorify, believe in, and testify about the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob by experiencing embodying His character traits, so if you want to do those things, then you should follow His instructions for how to do them.

 

[synergy]

In Matthew 4:15-23, Christ bean his ministry with the Gospel message to repent for the Kingdom of God is at hand, which was a light to the Gentiles, and the Torah was how his audience knew what sin is (Romans 3:20), so repenting from our disobedience to it is a central part of the Gospel of the Kingdom/Grace, which Paul also taught based on the Torah (Acts 14:21-22, 20:24-25, 28:23). Christ also set a sinless example for us to follow of how to walk in obedience to the Torah and we are told to follow his example (1 Peter 2:21-22), that those who are in Christ are obligated to walk in the same way that he walked (1 John 2:6), and to be imitators of Paul as if he is of Christ (1 Corinthians 11:1). So both Christ and Paul taught obedience to the Torah by word and by example and if that is what makes someone a Judaizers, then they were Judaizers and we should all by Judaizers, but rather the the problem that Paul had with the Judaizers was that they were wanting to require Gentiles to become circumcised in order to become saved/justified (Acts 15:1). You are accusing a bunch of groups of Judaizing for reasons that have nothing to do with the problem that they had with what the Judaizers were doing.


Galatians 1:6-9 should not be turned against the Gospel that Christ and Paul taught.


In Romans 10:5-13, Paul referred to Deuteronomy 30 as the word of faith that we proclaim in regard to the righteousness that is by faith proclaiming that the Torah is not too difficult for us to obey, that obedience to it brings life and a blessing, in regard to what we are submitting to obey by confessing that Jesus is Lord, and in regard to the way to believe that God raised him from the dead for salvation.


In Titus 2:11-13, the content of our gift of salvation is described as being trained by grace to do what is godly, righteous, and good, and to renounce doing what is ungodly, so doing those works in obedience to the Torah has nothing to do with trying to earn our salvation as the result, but rather God graciously teaching us to experience being a doer of those works is part of the content of His gift of salvation.


In Exodus 33:13, Moses wanted to God to be gracious to him by teaching him by teaching him to walk in His way that he and Israel might know Him, and in Matthew 7:23, Jesus said that he would tell those who are workers of lawlessness to depart from him because he never knew them, so the goal of the Torah is to graciously teach us how to know God and Jesus by walking in His way, which is His gift of eternal life (John 17:3). In Galatians 4:8-11, Paul addressed those who formerly did not know God, who were enslaved to those that by nature are not gods, who have come to know and be known by God, who were turning back to weak and worthless elementary principles of the world, who were wanting to become enslaved once again, so there is no sense in interpreting this passage as Paul critiquing them for returning to following God's instructions for how to know and by known by Him, but rather he was clearly addressing former pagans, who and had come to know and be known by God through following Christ's example of obedience those instructions, who were returning to being enslaved by returning to celebrating pagan holy days.


Likewise, in Colossians 2:16-23, they were celebrating God's feasts in accordance with the example that Christ set for us to follow, they were being judged for doing that by pagans who were promoting human precepts and traditions, self-made religion, asceticism, and severity to the body, and Paul was encouraging them not to let anyone judge them for obeying God. Those promoting asceticism and severity to the body would be judging people for celebrating feasts, not for reframing from doing that. God's feasts are foreshadows that testify about the truth of what is to come and we should live in a way that testifies about the truth of what is to come by following Christ's example of observing them rather that a way that bears false witness against what is to come, so Paul was emphasizing the importance of now allowing anyone to prevent us from obeying God.


If God saved the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt in order to put them under bondage to the Torah, then it would be for bondage that He sets us free, however, Galatians 5:1 says that it is for freedom that God sets us free, so was not speaking against obeying the Law of God. In Psalm 119:142, the Law of God is truth, and in John 8:31-36, it is the transgression of the Torah that puts us into bondage while the truth sets us free.

If Paul had been speaking against becoming circumcised for any reason and not just against incorrect reasons, then Galatians 5:2 would mean that he caused Christ to be of no value to Timothy when he had him circumcised and Christ is of no value to roughly 70% of the men in the US. In Acts 15:1, men from Judea were wanting to require Gentiles to become circumcised in order to become saved, however, that was never the reason why God commanded circumcision, so the Jerusalem Council upheld the Torah by correcting ruling against requiring circumcision for an incorrect reason. In Exodus 12:48, Gentiles who want to eat of the Passover lamb are required to become circumcised, so someone should not interpret the Jerusalem Council as ruling against Gentiles correctly acting in accordance with the Torah as if they had the authority to countermand God.

God wanted His children to repent and to return to obedience to the Torah all throughout the Bible, and even Christ began his ministry with that Gospel message, so it would be absurd for someone to interpret Galatians 5:4 as warning that we will be cut off from Christ if we repent and believe the Gospel. In Psalm 119:29-30, he wanted to put false ways far from him, for God to be gracious to him by teaching him to obey the Torah, and he chose the way of faith by setting it before him, so this has always been the one and only way of salvation by grace through faith, and it would again be absurd for someone to interpret this as him wanting God to be gracious to him by teaching him how to fall from grace.

In regard to Galatians 5:5, God has not commanded anything that is not in accordance with walking in the Spirit, which is why Paul contrasted those who walk in the Spirit with those who have minds set on the flesh who are enemies of God who refuse to submit to the Torah (Romans 8:4-7).

In regard to Galatians 5:6, Paul saying that circumcision has no value and that what matters if faith working through love is parallel to 1 Corinthians 7:19 where he said that circumcision has no value and that what matters is obeying the commandments of God, so he equated faith working through love with obeying the Torah. In Romans 3:31, Paul said that our faith upholds the Law of God, and in Matthew 22:36-40, Jesus summarized the Torah as being about how to love God and our neighbor. In Romans 3:1-2, Paul also said that circumcision has much value in every way and in Romans 2:25, he said that circumcision conditionally has value if we obey the Torah, so the issue is that circumcision has no inherent value and that its value is entirely derived from whether we obey the Torah. Physical circumcision is a sign of someone having a circumcised heart, which is evident by their obedience to the Torah (Deuteronomy 30:6), so it only has value insofar as what it is a sign of is true.


In Ephesians 2:12-19, Gentiles were at one time separated from Christ, alienated from Israel and strangers to the covenants of promise, having no hope and without God in this world, which is in accordance with Gentiles at one time not being doers of the Torah, but through faith in Christ all of that is no longer true in that Gentiles are no longer strangers or allies but are fellow citizens of Israel along with the saints in the household of God, which is in accordance with Gentiles becoming doers of the Torah.


In Romans 3:27, Paul contrasted a law of works with a law of faith, in Galatians 3:10-12, he contrasted the Book of the Law with "works of the law", an din Romans 3:31 and Galatians 3:10-12, he said that our faith upholds the Torah in contrast with saying that "works of the law" are not of faith, so that phrase does not refer to the Torah, which is why it is not of faith.


Jesus spent his ministry teaching his followers to obey the Torah by word and by example and in Matthew 28:16-20, he commissioned his disciples to teach to the nations everything that he taught them.


While Paul denied in Romans 4:1-5 that we can earn our righteousness as the result of our works, he also affirmed in Romans 2:13 that only the doers of the Torah will be declared righteous, so there is a reason why our righteousness requires us to chose to be doers of the Torah other than in order to earn it as wage, namely faith insofar as the faith by which we are declared righteous also uphold the Torah (Romans 3:31).

The shift from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant was not a total rejection of God’s prior Torah revelation but its fulfillment and our internalization in Christ. So the Apostles no longer lived under the Torah as a binding legal economy. They retained the Torah's enduring principles but were transfigured by the New Covenant.

Under the Lordship and Communion of the Uncreated Word who “was God” and who now tabernacles as Jesus (John 1:1, 14), Christians live the principles of the Torah in Christ. As Partakers of the Divine Nature (2 Pet 1:4) and living Icons of Christ (Rom 8:29), they upheld the moral and revelatory principles of the Law—love of God and neighbor, holiness, justice, prayer, fasting, almsgiving—while abandoning its shadowy, pedagogical elements that found their fulfillment in the Incarnate Son (Col 2:16–17). Circumcision became of the heart, Sabbath rest became participation in the risen Lord, and purity laws were fulfilled in Communion (Eucharist) with the Holy One Himself, not in ritual legalism. Thus, the Apostles maintained the principles of the Torah not as a means of righteousness or ethnic distinction, but as fulfilled wisdom now made alive by the Holy Spirit, embodied in Christ, and lived Eucharistically within the new creation He inaugurated.

 

[synergy]

What exactly is "Judaizing"? Is a Judaizer defined by you as a Faithful "Doer", not just a hearer of the Christ's Sayings? Men who deny their old self and strive with all their heart to Put on a New man, a man "which after God is created in righteousness and true holiness", who "Lives By" Every Word that proceeds from the mouth of God. A man who has not already attained, either were already perfect: but follow after, if that they may apprehend that for which also they were apprehended of Christ Jesus. "Men who count not their selves to have apprehended this perfection: but this one thing they "do", forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before, they press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God (Which is) in Christ Jesus."

Or are they like the mainstream religions of the world in Jesus Time, who "profess that they know God; but in works they deny him, being abominable, and disobedient, and unto every good work reprobate." who despised God's Judgments and definition of Righteousness, and pollute God's sabbaths, and "Full well reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep their own tradition?

Is it a religion who lives in disobedience to God Laws, Statutes and Judgments all week, but then one day every week they offer to God the Blood of an unblemished, innocent sacrifice to justify them of their willful rejection of God's Word? (Is. 1:1-20)

Or are they men who present their bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is only their reasonable service. Men who are not conformed to the religions of this world: but are transformed by the renewing of their mind, that they may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God"?

I can never get a straight answer from the "many" who come in Christ's Name?

Judaizers are defined as those who disregard the reality and sufficiency of the New Covenant by insisting on the continued authority of the Old Covenant as the governing framework for righteousness, identity, and communion with God. In doing so, they treat the Torah not as fulfilled in Christ but as still covenantally binding, re-erecting circumcision, food laws, or other Mosaic boundary markers as necessary for faithfulness. This stance effectively collapses the apostolic distinction between promise and fulfillment, shadow and substance, and undermines the New Covenant’s central claim: that justification, sanctification, and covenant membership are now mediated solely through union with the crucified and risen Messiah, not through adherence to the obsolete covenantal economy that pointed forward to Him.

 

[Soyeong]

The shift from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant was not a total rejection of God’s prior Torah revelation but its fulfillment and our internalization in Christ.

Jesus fulfilled the Torah by teaching us how to correctly obey it by word and by example and the reason why he established the New Covenant was not in order to nullify anything that he spent his ministry teaching or so that we could continue to have the same lawlessness that caused the New Covenant to be needed in the first place, but rather the New Covenant still involves following the Torah (Jeremiah 31:33, Ezekiel 36:26-27). In Deuteronomy 30, it forms the basis for the New Covenant by prophesying about a time when the Israelites would return from exile, God would circumcise their hearts, and they would return to obedience to the Torah, which is the context that Jeremiah and Ezekiel are in regard to.

New Covenants do not nullify the promises of covenants that have already been ratified, so God's covenants are eternal and cumulatively valid. The Mosaic Covenant is eternal (Exodus 31:14-17, Leviticus 24:8), so the only way that it can be made obsolete by the New Covenant is if it is cumulative with it. One thing can only make another thing obsolete to the extent that it has cumulative functionality, so a computer makes a typewriter obsolete but does not make a plow obsolete, which means if that if the New Covenant involves doing something different that were not cumulative with the Mosaic Covenant, then it cold not make it obsolete. So the New Covenant still involves following the Torah (Hebrews 8:10) plus it is cumulatively based on better promises and has a superior mediator (Hebrews 8:6). The fault that God found with the Mosaic Covenant was not with the Torah but with the people for not continuing in their covenant, so the solution to the problem was not to do away with the Torah but to do away with what was hindering us from obeying it. This is why the New Covenant involves God sending His Son to free us from sin so that we might be free to meet the righteous requirement of the Torah (Romans 8:4-7), God taking away our hearts of stone, giving us hearts of flesh, and sending His Spirit to lead us in obedience to the Torah (Ezekiel 36:26-27), and God putting the Torah in our minds and writing it on our hearts (Jeremiah 31:33). So the New Covenant was not a rejection of any part of God's prior Torah revelation.

So the Apostles no longer lived under the Torah as a binding legal economy. They retained the Torah's enduring principles but were transfigured by the New Covenant.

Under the Lordship and Communion of the Uncreated Word who “was God” and who now tabernacles as Jesus (John 1:1, 14), Christians live the principles of the Torah in Christ. As Partakers of the Divine Nature (2 Pet 1:4) and living Icons of Christ (Rom 8:29), they upheld the moral and revelatory principles of the Law—love of God and neighbor, holiness, justice, prayer, fasting, almsgiving—

The principles of the Torah are God's character traits, which are also the basis for morality and are also the way to partake in the divine nature. God's character traits are eternal, so any instructions that He has ever given for how to embody them are eternally and cumulatively valid regardless of which covenant someone is under. For example, God's righteousness is eternal (Psalms 119:142), therefore all of his righteous laws are also eternal (Psalms 119:160), and if the way to embody God's righteousness were to ever change, then it would not be eternal. For instance, it was in accordance with God's righteousness to be a doer of charity before God made any covenants with man, so that is eternally valid even for those who have not in a covenant relationship with God. Sin is what is contrary to God's character traits such as with unrighteousness being sin and sin is the transgression of the Torah because it was given in order to teach us how to embody His character traits. Sin was in the world before the Torah was given (Romans 5:13), so there were no actions that became righteous or unrighteousness when it was given, but rather it revealed what has always been and will always be the way to do that.

It would be overwhelming to us for God to exhaustively teach us how to embody His character traits in every possible situation, so the point is to teach us how to do that by giving a limited set of laws or instructions that all have them in common. If we correctly understand a character trait, then it will lead us to take actions that embody it in accordance with the Torah even in situations that it does not specifically address, but correctly understanding a character trait will never lead us away from following the instructions that God gave for how to embody that trait.

while abandoning its shadowy, pedagogical elements that found their fulfillment in the Incarnate Son (Col 2:16–17). Circumcision became of the heart, Sabbath rest became participation in the risen Lord, and purity laws were fulfilled in Communion (Eucharist) with the Holy One Himself, not in ritual legalism. Thus, the Apostles maintained the principles of the Torah not as a means of righteousness or ethnic distinction, but as fulfilled wisdom now made alive by the Holy Spirit, embodied in Christ, and lived Eucharistically within the new creation He inaugurated.

Again, God's feasts testify about what is to come and we which live in a way that testifies about the truth of what is to come rather than a way that bears false witness against what is to come, so Paul was emphasizing the importance of not allowing anyone to prevent us from obeying God. We should live in a way that points toward Christ by following his example of obedience to the Torah rather than a way that points away from him.

Holiness is one of God's character traits, so holiness is a moral issue. In 1 Peter 1:16, we are told to be holy for God is holy, which was a quote from Leviticus where God was giving instructions for how do that, which includes keeping God's Sabbaths holy (Leviticus 19:2-3) and refraining from eating unclean animals (Leviticus 11:44-45).

Circumcision of the heart has only ever referred to someone who is a doer of the Torah (Deuteronomy 30:6, Romans 2:25) while uncircumcision of the heart has only ever referred to someone who is not a doer of the Torah (Jeremiah 9:25, Acts 7:51-53).

In Matthew 5:17-19, Jesus said that he came to fulfill the Torah in contrast with saying that he came not to abolish it and he warned that those who relax the least part of it would be called least in the Kingdom, so you should not interpret fulfilling the law as meaning the same thing as abolishing it or relaxing parts of it. Rather, "to fulfill the law" means "to cause God's will (as made known in the law) to be obeyed as it should be" (NAS Greek Lexicon: pleroo), so Jesus proceeded to fulfill the law throughout the rest of Matthew 5 by correcting what the people had heard being taught and by teaching how to correctly obey it as it was originally intended. According to Galatians 5:14, anyone who has loved their neighbor has fulfilled the entire law, so again it refers to correctly obeying it, moreover, it refers to something that countless people have done and should continue to do in perpetuity rather than to something unique that Jesus did.

 

[synergy]

Jesus fulfilled the Torah by teaching us how to correctly obey it by word and by example and the reason why he established the New Covenant was not in order to nullify anything that he spent his ministry teaching or so that we could continue to have the same lawlessness that caused the New Covenant to be needed in the first place, but rather the New Covenant still involves following the Torah (Jeremiah 31:33, Ezekiel 36:26-27). In Deuteronomy 30, it forms the basis for the New Covenant by prophesying about a time when the Israelites would return from exile, God would circumcise their hearts, and they would return to obedience to the Torah, which is the context that Jeremiah and Ezekiel are in regard to.

New Covenants do not nullify the promises of covenants that have already been ratified, so God's covenants are eternal and cumulatively valid. The Mosaic Covenant is eternal (Exodus 31:14-17, Leviticus 24:8), so the only way that it can be made obsolete by the New Covenant is if it is cumulative with it. One thing can only make another thing obsolete to the extent that it has cumulative functionality, so a computer makes a typewriter obsolete but does not make a plow obsolete, which means if that if the New Covenant involves doing something different that were not cumulative with the Mosaic Covenant, then it cold not make it obsolete. So the New Covenant still involves following the Torah (Hebrews 8:10) plus it is cumulatively based on better promises and has a superior mediator (Hebrews 8:6). The fault that God found with the Mosaic Covenant was not with the Torah but with the people for not continuing in their covenant, so the solution to the problem was not to do away with the Torah but to do away with what was hindering us from obeying it. This is why the New Covenant involves God sending His Son to free us from sin so that we might be free to meet the righteous requirement of the Torah (Romans 8:4-7), God taking away our hearts of stone, giving us hearts of flesh, and sending His Spirit to lead us in obedience to the Torah (Ezekiel 36:26-27), and God putting the Torah in our minds and writing it on our hearts (Jeremiah 31:33). So the New Covenant was not a rejection of any part of God's prior Torah revelation.


The principles of the Torah are God's character traits, which are also the basis for morality and are also the way to partake in the divine nature. God's character traits are eternal, so any instructions that He has ever given for how to embody them are eternally and cumulatively valid regardless of which covenant someone is under. For example, God's righteousness is eternal (Psalms 119:142), therefore all of his righteous laws are also eternal (Psalms 119:160), and if the way to embody God's righteousness were to ever change, then it would not be eternal. For instance, it was in accordance with God's righteousness to be a doer of charity before God made any covenants with man, so that is eternally valid even for those who have not in a covenant relationship with God. Sin is what is contrary to God's character traits such as with unrighteousness being sin and sin is the transgression of the Torah because it was given in order to teach us how to embody His character traits. Sin was in the world before the Torah was given (Romans 5:13), so there were no actions that became righteous or unrighteousness when it was given, but rather it revealed what has always been and will always be the way to do that.

It would be overwhelming to us for God to exhaustively teach us how to embody His character traits in every possible situation, so the point is to teach us how to do that by giving a limited set of laws or instructions that all have them in common. If we correctly understand a character trait, then it will lead us to take actions that embody it in accordance with the Torah even in situations that it does not specifically address, but correctly understanding a character trait will never lead us away from following the instructions that God gave for how to embody that trait.


Again, God's feasts testify about what is to come and we which live in a way that testifies about the truth of what is to come rather than a way that bears false witness against what is to come, so Paul was emphasizing the importance of not allowing anyone to prevent us from obeying God. We should live in a way that points toward Christ by following his example of obedience to the Torah rather than a way that points away from him.

Holiness is one of God's character traits, so holiness is a moral issue. In 1 Peter 1:16, we are told to be holy for God is holy, which was a quote from Leviticus where God was giving instructions for how do that, which includes keeping God's Sabbaths holy (Leviticus 19:2-3) and refraining from eating unclean animals (Leviticus 11:44-45).

Circumcision of the heart has only ever referred to someone who is a doer of the Torah (Deuteronomy 30:6, Romans 2:25) while uncircumcision of the heart has only ever referred to someone who is not a doer of the Torah (Jeremiah 9:25, Acts 7:51-53).

In Matthew 5:17-19, Jesus said that he came to fulfill the Torah in contrast with saying that he came not to abolish it and he warned that those who relax the least part of it would be called least in the Kingdom, so you should not interpret fulfilling the law as meaning the same thing as abolishing it or relaxing parts of it. Rather, "to fulfill the law" means "to cause God's will (as made known in the law) to be obeyed as it should be" (NAS Greek Lexicon: pleroo), so Jesus proceeded to fulfill the law throughout the rest of Matthew 5 by correcting what the people had heard being taught and by teaching how to correctly obey it as it was originally intended. According to Galatians 5:14, anyone who has loved their neighbor has fulfilled the entire law, so again it refers to correctly obeying it, moreover, it refers to something that countless people have done and should continue to do in perpetuity rather than to something unique that Jesus did.

How much of the New Covenant do you believe/observe?

Do you believe that the Word, who was God in every respect (John 1:1c), now tabernacles as Jesus (John 1:14), proving that Jesus is God?

Do you observe the Communion of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist (1 Cor 10:16)? In so doing, do you believe that it is supersubstantial bread (τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον - Matt 6:11) that is being offered and that you are partaking of divine nature (2 Pet 1:4)?

 

[Soyeong]

How much of the New Covenant do you believe/observe?

Do you believe that the Word, who was God in every respect (John 1:1c), now tabernacles as Jesus (John 1:14), proving that Jesus is God?

Do you observe the Communion of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist (1 Cor 10:16)? In so doing, do you believe that it is supersubstantial bread (τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον - Matt 6:11) that is being offered and that you are partaking of divine nature (2 Pet 1:4)?

I affirm everything in the NT. The way to partake in the divine nature is by embodying His character traits, the Torah is God's instructions for how to embody His character traits, and God's character traits are the fruits of the Spirit, which is why the Spirit has the role of leading us to obey it (Ezekiel 36:26-27). The Son is the radiance of God's glory and the exact likeness of His character (Hebrews 1:3), which he embodied through his works by setting perfect example for us to follow that can equivalently be described either as walking in the Spirit or as walking in obedience to the Torah.

 

[synergy]

I affirm everything in the NT. The way to partake in the divine nature is by embodying His character traits, the Torah is God's instructions for how to embody His character traits, and God's character traits are the fruits of the Spirit, which is why the Spirit has the role of leading us to obey it (Ezekiel 36:26-27). The Son is the radiance of God's glory and the exact likeness of His character (Hebrews 1:3), which he embodied through his works by setting perfect example for us to follow that can equivalently be described either as walking in the Spirit or as walking in obedience to the Torah.

I see that you made no mention of the fact that the Word, who was God in every respect (John 1:1c), now tabernacles as Jesus (John 1:14), proving that Jesus is God. Do you believe that Jesus is God?

Also, you made no mention whether or not you observe the Communion of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist (1 Cor 10:16). Does your Church practice the New Covenant Communion?

 

[Soyeong]

I see that you made no mention of the fact that the Word, who was God in every respect (John 1:1c), now tabernacles as Jesus (John 1:14), proving that Jesus is God. Do you believe that Jesus is God?

A "shliach" is an emissary to representative who is sent by someone on a mission with the legal authority to speak and act as them. For example, in Exodus 7:1, God made Moses God to Pharaoh, and in Deuteronomy 29:2-6, he said "I am the Lord your God". Likewise, the Angel of the Lord is a messenger sent by God who also speaks and acts as God. Jesus is a shliach for God. Every time someone embodies the character traits of God through their works we can point to that as showing us the Father, so Jesus is one with the Father insofar as he is the radiance of God's glory and the exact likeness of His character (John 14:6-11). For example, God is compassionate so when we are compassionate we are bringing Heaven down to Earth (Luke 6:36).

Also, you made no mention whether or not you observe the Communion of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist (1 Cor 10:16). Does your Church practice the New Covenant Communion?

We have communion as part of Passover.

 

[synergy]

A "shliach" is an emissary to representative who is sent by someone on a mission with the legal authority to speak and act as them. For example, in Exodus 7:1, God made Moses God to Pharaoh, and in Deuteronomy 29:2-6, he said "I am the Lord your God". Likewise, the Angel of the Lord is a messenger sent by God who also speaks and acts as God. Jesus is a shliach for God. Every time someone embodies the character traits of God through their works we can point to that as showing us the Father, so Jesus is one with the Father insofar as he is the radiance of God's glory and the exact likeness of His character (John 14:6-11). For example, God is compassionate so when we are compassionate we are bringing Heaven down to Earth (Luke 6:36).

This is the 2nd time you have not professed that Jesus is God. Am I correct to say that you do not believe John's Prologue that proves that Jesus is God.

We have communion as part of Passover.

Here also you have not professed that you commune in the blood and body of Christ. Am I correct to say that your Church does not practice the New Covenant communion of the blood and body of Christ?

 

[Studyman]

Judaizers are defined as those who disregard the reality and sufficiency of the New Covenant by insisting on the continued authority of the Old Covenant as the governing framework for righteousness, identity, and communion with God.

The "Old Covenant" that changed, as defined by the Holy Scriptures, was the Priesthood Covenant God made with Levi, "After the Order of Aaron". It was prophesied to "change" throughout the Law and Prophets, to a New Priesthood Covenant "After the Order of Melchizedek". The Pharisees and scribes, along with their fathers, had corrupted the Old Covenant, as Prophesied.

The Word of God who became flesh tells us this in Malachi 2.

4 And ye shall know that I have sent this commandment unto you, that my covenant might be with Levi, saith the LORD of hosts. 5 My covenant was with him of life and peace; and I gave them to him for the fear wherewith he feared me, and was afraid before my name. 6 The law of truth was in his mouth, and iniquity was not found in his lips: "he walked with me in peace and equity, and did turn many away from iniquity".

7 For the priest's lips should keep knowledge, "and they should seek the law at his mouth": for he is the messenger of the LORD of hosts.

But the Priesthood rejected God's Commandments, despised His Judgments, and were teaching for doctrines the Commandments of men, leading people away from God.

8 But ye are departed out of the way; ye have caused many to stumble at the law; ye have corrupted the covenant of Levi, saith the LORD of hosts. 9 Therefore have I also made you contemptible and base before all the people, according as ye have not kept my ways, but have been partial in the law.

As a result of their disobedience, that Paul warned Titus about, "They profess that they know God; but in works they deny him, being abominable, and disobedient, and unto every good work reprobate", they didn't know that Jesus, the Prophesied Priest of God who ushered in the New Priesthood Covenant spoken of by the Spirit of Christ through Jeremiah in Chapter Jer. 31.

So then, it seems your definition of a Judaizer, is someone who professes to know God, may even prophesy in His Name, but despises God's Judgments, rejects many of God's Commandments, creates their own high days and images of God after the Likeness of men, and refuses to be a "Doer" of the Christ's Sayings.

In doing so, they treat the Torah not as fulfilled in Christ but as still covenantally binding, re-erecting circumcision, food laws, or other Mosaic boundary markers as necessary for faithfulness.

Yes, Christ Jesus fulfilled Prophesy of the New Priesthood "After the Order of Melchizedek", as it is written in Heb. 7:11-17.

Re-erecting circumcision? What are you even talking about. The Pharisees corrupted the Circumcision of God. They didn't "Re-erect the circumcision of God", Jesus did, and Paul furthered the Circumcision of Moses, not the circumcision of the "Judaizers"..

Deut. 10: 16 Circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart, and be no more stiffnecked. 17 For the LORD your God is God of gods, and Lord of lords, a great God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward:

Phil. 3: 3 For we are the circumcision, "which worship God" in the spirit, and rejoice in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh.

Col. 2: 8 Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ. 9 For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily. 10 And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power: 11 In whom also ye are circumcised "with the circumcision made without hands", (Foreskin of the heart) in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ:

What Spirit inspired Moses and Paul to teach men to circumcise the foreskins of their hearts? Was it not the the Same Word of God that became Flesh, That Paul rejoiced in and Moses prophesied about?

The Jesus "of the Bible" said;

17 Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.

18 For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.

It was by God own Law that the Priesthood Covenant "After the order of Aaron", was temporary from it's very beginning.

In Jer. 31, there were 2 things that the Word of God described would change between the New Priesthood Covenant and the Old. You can read it for yourself.

#1. The manner in which God's Laws are administered.

#2. The manner in which sins are forgiven.

God's definition of Holy, Clean, Righteous and perfection was never prophesied to change, was never said to have been changed, and Paul certainly never taught that Jesus came to destroy them.

Judaizers, as defined by you, most certainly promote falsehoods about God and His Word.

33 But this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the LORD, I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people.

34 And they shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the LORD: for they shall all know me, (we all have the Oracles of God in our own home, we sit in Moses seat) from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the LORD: for "I will" forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more.

 

[JesusFan]

A "shliach" is an emissary to representative who is sent by someone on a mission with the legal authority to speak and act as them. For example, in Exodus 7:1, God made Moses God to Pharaoh, and in Deuteronomy 29:2-6, he said "I am the Lord your God". Likewise, the Angel of the Lord is a messenger sent by God who also speaks and acts as God. Jesus is a shliach for God. Every time someone embodies the character traits of God through their works we can point to that as showing us the Father, so Jesus is one with the Father insofar as he is the radiance of God's glory and the exact likeness of His character (John 14:6-11). For example, God is compassionate so when we are compassionate we are bringing Heaven down to Earth (Luke 6:36).


We have communion as part of Passover.

Jesus is Yahweh of the OT coming down to Earth in Human flesh